China 360°
China 360° pulls expertise from across CFR to understand China’s global activities and how countries respond.
Featured Content
China 360° Highlights
China Around the World
Monthly Updates on China's Engagement Across Various Regions
Africa

China in Africa: April 2025
Article by Nathan Schoonover, Research Associate and Giulio Bianco, Contributor

China in Africa: March 2025
Article by Nathan Schoonover, Research Associate

China in Africa: February 2025
Article by Nathan Schoonover, Research Associate
Europe

China in Europe: May 2025
Article by Turner Ruggi, Research Associate

China in Europe: April 2025
Article by Turner Ruggi, Research Associate

China in Europe: February 2025
Article by Turner Ruggi, Research Associate
Indo-Pacific

China in the Indo-Pacific: May 2025
Article by Steven Honig and Abi McGowan

China in the Indo-Pacific: April 2025
Article by Abi McGowan and Aanika Veedon

China in the Taiwan Strait: March 2025
Article by Natalie Caloca
Middle East

China in the Middle East: November 2024
Article by Benjamin M. Holtzman, Research Associate

China in the Middle East: October 2024
Article by Benjamin M. Holtzman, Research Associate

China in the Middle East: September 2024
Article by Benjamin M. Holtzman, Research Associate
Latin America

China in Latin America: May 2025
Article by Steven Holmes, Research Associate

China in Latin America: April 2025
Article by Gabriela Paz-Soldan, Research Associate

China in Latin America: March 2025
Article by Julia Huesa, Research Associate
Russia and Ukraine

Russia-China-Ukraine: April 2025
Article by Anya Konstantinovsky, Research Associate and Kurtis Yan

Russia-China-Ukraine: March 2025
Article by Anya Konstantinovsky, Research Associate and Kurtis Yan

China-Russia Relations: February 2025
Article by Anya Konstantinovsky, Research Associate and Molly Carlough, Research Associate
Recent Work
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At the Shangri-La dialogue in Singapore last week, U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth said that the United States would be expanding its defense partnership with India. His statement was in line …
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India’s space policy, once driven primarily by domestic development goals, is increasingly aligning with that of the United States. How it approaches the norms of space governance, however, could provide a path for other Global South nations.
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India has historically struck a balance between joining multilateral export-control regimes and maintaining strategic independence through bilateral trade deals and domestic investment. That could be complicated by India’s growing defense exports and increasing U.S. unilateralism.
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The United States and India have developed a strong defense partnership in recent years, especially in relation to China. However, they have major differences to bridge: how much to spend on defense, the role of civilian governance, and the independence of their defense-industrial bases.
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In May, China hosted the fourth ministerial meeting of the China-Community of Latin America and Caribbean States (CELAC) Forum in Beijing. Colombia signed onto the Belt and Road Initiative. Public opinion polling showed the United States is ceding ground to China in South America.
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In December 2024, EU-China tensions rose over Ukraine, trade, Baltic sabotage, and strained ties with Lithuania.
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In November 2024, EU-China tensions escalated over diplomatic expulsions, suspected sabotage, stalled EV trade talks, and a tougher EU stance under Kaja Kallas.
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In May 2025, China-Europe ties saw rising cyber and trade tensions, selective cooperation, and growing Chinese influence in investment and electric vehicles.
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In May 2025, China deepened its strategic footprint by reasserting territorial claims along the China-India border, backing Pakistan militarily during its clash with India, advancing trilateral talks with Pakistan and the Taliban, escalating tensions in the South China Sea, and expanding ties with ASEAN and the Gulf.
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Beijing’s efforts to charm Europe remain undercut by deep mistrust, sanctions clashes, and an assertive diplomatic style.
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A Kenyan delegation traveled to Beijing in late April, resulting in comprehensive economic dealmaking. On the continent, April saw multisectoral Chinese investment in Algeria and Nigeria, the formation of a Chinese-Ghanaian mining coalition, first-time Chinese-Egyptian military training, and notable civilian and legal pushback against malicious Chinese activity.
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Despite Chinese investment in African green energy and infrastructure projects, comprehensive diplomatic engagements, and joint innovation ventures, tensions between countries grew in certain corners of the continent.